ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Histopathological image analysis and enhanced diagnostic accuracy explainability for oral cancer detection
 
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1
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, R.M.K. College of Engineering and Technology, R.S.M. Nagar, Puduvoyal, Thiruvalur Dist, Tamil Nadu, India
 
2
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GITAM University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
 
3
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Velammal Institute of Technology, Panchetti, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
 
4
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Madanapalle Institute of Technology and Science, Madanapalle, Andhra Pradesh, India
 
These authors had equal contribution to this work
 
 
Submission date: 2025-01-27
 
 
Acceptance date: 2025-07-30
 
 
Publication date: 2025-09-22
 
 
Corresponding author
V.P. Gladis Pushparathi
V.P. Gladis Pushparathi Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Velammal Institute of Technology, Panchetti, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 601204, India
 
 
Pol J Pathol 2025;76(2):120-130
 
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The retraction to this article was published on 2026-02-04
 
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ABSTRACT
Deep learning (DL) has transformed medical imaging, particularly in the realm of oral cancer (OC) diagnosis using histopathological images. Timely detection of OC is es­sential for enhancing precision medicine and saving lives. However, incorrect diagnosis may impede effective treatment. In this study, we have proposed a DL model for OC classification, enhanced diagnosis decision-making and interpretability. We achieve this by starting with colour normalisation of histopathology images using the Vaha­dane 3-stain parameter normalisation and watershed segmentation method, followed by tiling and augmentation. Key features are selected using the weighted Fisher score (WFS) to address class imbalance. The U-Net classifier has been improved by using feature-based inputs instead of full images, reducing computational complexity and training time. The integration of Vahadane normalisation for consistent preprocessing across samples, WFS, and explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) addresses critical challenges in histopathological image analysis. The proposed model surpasses exist­ing approaches with a classification accuracy of 99.54%, and it outperforms Dense- Net201 and VGG10 in precision and reliability. The efficiency in handling imbal­anced datasets and explainability features make it suitable for early precise OC detec­tion, which can reduce diagnostic errors and enhance treatment outcomes.
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