ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Histopathological image analysis and enhanced diagnostic accuracy explainability for oral cancer detection
More details
Hide details
1
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, R.M.K. College of Engineering and Technology, R.S.M. Nagar, Puduvoyal, Thiruvalur Dist, Tamil Nadu, India
2
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GITAM University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
3
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Velammal Institute of Technology, Panchetti, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
4
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Madanapalle Institute of Technology and Science, Madanapalle, Andhra Pradesh, India
These authors had equal contribution to this work
Submission date: 2025-01-27
Acceptance date: 2025-07-30
Publication date: 2025-09-22
Corresponding author
V.P. Gladis Pushparathi
V.P. Gladis Pushparathi
Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
Velammal Institute of Technology,
Panchetti, Chennai, Tamil Nadu,
601204, India
Pol J Pathol 2025;76(2):120-130
RELATED ARTICLE
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Deep learning (DL) has transformed medical imaging, particularly in the realm of oral cancer (OC) diagnosis using histopathological images. Timely detection of OC is essential for enhancing precision medicine and saving lives. However, incorrect diagnosis may impede effective treatment. In this study, we have proposed a DL model for OC classification, enhanced diagnosis decision-making and interpretability. We achieve this by starting with colour normalisation of histopathology images using the Vahadane 3-stain parameter normalisation and watershed segmentation method, followed by tiling and augmentation. Key features are selected using the weighted Fisher score (WFS) to address class imbalance. The U-Net classifier has been improved by using feature-based inputs instead of full images, reducing computational complexity and training time. The integration of Vahadane normalisation for consistent preprocessing across samples, WFS, and explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) addresses critical challenges in histopathological image analysis. The proposed model surpasses existing approaches with a classification accuracy of 99.54%, and it outperforms Dense- Net201 and VGG10 in precision and reliability. The efficiency in handling imbalanced datasets and explainability features make it suitable for early precise OC detection, which can reduce diagnostic errors and enhance treatment outcomes.
REFERENCES (22)
1.
Al-Rawi N, Sultan A, Rajai B, et al. The Effectiveness of Artificial Intelligence in Detection of Oral Cancer. Int Dent J 2022; 72: 436-447.
2.
Jubair F, Al-Karadsheh O, Malamos D, Al Mahdi S, Saad Y, Hassona Y. A novel lightweight deep convolutional neural network for early detection of oral cancer. Oral Dis 2022; 28: 1123-1130.
3.
Warin K, Suebnukarn S. Deep learning in oral cancer – a systematic review. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24: 212.
4.
Weber A, Enderle-Ammour K, Kurowski K, et al. AI-Based Detection of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma with Raman Histology. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16: 689.
5.
Yang SY, Li SH, Liu JL, et al. Histopathology-Based Diagnosis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Using Deep Learning. J Dent Res 2022; 101: 1321-1327.
6.
Camalan S, Mahmood H, Binol H, et al. Convolutional Neural Network-Based Clinical Predictors of Oral Dysplasia: Class Activation Map Analysis of Deep Learning Results. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13 1291.
7.
Musulin J, Štifanić D, Zulijani A, Ćabov T, Dekanić A, Car Z. An Enhanced Histopathology Analysis: An AI-Based System for Multiclass Grading of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Segmenting of Epithelial and Stromal Tissue. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13: 1784.
8.
Tanriver G, Soluk Tekkesin M, Ergen O. Automated Detection and Classification of Oral Lesions Using Deep Learning to Detect Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13: 2766.
9.
Deo BS, Pal M, Panigrahi PK, Pradhan A. An ensemble deep learning model with empirical wavelet transform feature for oral cancer histopathological image classification. Int J Data Sci Anal 2024; 20: 1005-1022.
10.
Marzouk R, Eatedal A, Sami D, et al. Deep Transfer Learning Driven Oral Cancer Detection and Classification Model. Computers, Materials and Continua 2022; 3: 3905-3920.
11.
Das M, Dash R, Mishra SK. Automatic Detection of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma from Histopathological Images of Oral Mucosa Using Deep Convolutional Neural Network. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20: 2131.
12.
Gomes RFT, Schmith J, Figueiredo RM, et al. Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Classification of Elementary Oral Lesions from Clinical Images. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20: 3894.
13.
Myriam H, Abdelaziz AA, El-Sayed M, et al. Advanced meta-heuristic algorithm based on Particle Swarm and Al-biruni Earth Radius optimization methods for oral cancer detection. IEEE Access 2023; 11: 23681-23700.
14.
Song B, Kc DR, Yang RY, Li S, Zhang C, Liang R. Classification of Mobile-Based Oral Cancer Images Using the Vision Transformer and the Swin Transformer. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16: 987.
15.
Confer MP, Falahkheirkhah K, Surendran S, et al. Rapid and Label-Free Histopathology of Oral Lesions Using Deep Learning Applied to Optical and Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging Data. J Pers Med 2024; 14: 304.
16.
Oral Cancer Histopathological Image Dataset Link: https:// www.kaggle.com/datasets/ashenafifasilkebede/dataset (Access: Jul 2023).
19.
Ahmad M, Irfan MA, Sadique U, et al. Multi-Method Analysis of Histopathological Image for Early Diagnosis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Using Deep Learning and Hybrid Techniques. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15: 5247.
20.
Redie DK, Bilgaiyan S, Sagnika S. Oral cancer detection using transfer learning-based framework from histopathology images. J Electronic Imaging 2023; 32: 053004-053004.
21.
Abbas T, Fatima A, Shahzad T, Alharbi M, Khan MA, Ahmed A. Multidisciplinary cancer disease classification using adaptive FL in healthcare industry 5.0. Sci Rep 2024; 14: 18643.
22.
Rajadurai S, Perumal K, Ijaz MF, Chowdhary CL. PrecisionLymphoNet: Advancing Malignant Lymphoma Diagnosis via Ensemble Transfer Learning with CNNs. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14: 469.